Does THC cause anxiety? Effects of THC vs CBD on mental health
Clinically reviewed by Dr. Chris Mosunic, PhD, RD, CDCES, MBA
Does the THC in cannabis cause anxiety? Explore the possible effects of THC vs CBD on your mental health, and which can cause, or help, your anxiety.
Over the past few years, several U.S. states have legalized recreational marijuana (cannabis) usage, thrusting two of the plant’s chemical properties — tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) — into the spotlight. THC is best known for its psychoactive properties, which can offer a high that can either be soothing or stimulating. CBD doesn’t produce a high, but is associated with potential therapeutic benefits, particularly in managing anxiety without the psychoactive effects associated with THC.
Understanding how THC and CBD might each influence mental health and mood is essential for anyone using cannabis, for medicinal or recreational purposes.
Does THC in cannabis cause anxiety?
Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. Essentially, it’s responsible for the high that users experience. When THC enters the body, it binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain, which are part of a larger endocannabinoid system that regulates mood, pain, appetite, and memory. This means that using THC can alter brain function, leading to changes in perception, mood, and behavior.
While some people seek out THC for the feelings of euphoria and relaxation it can produce, the experience isn't always positive. In some instances — particularly with higher doses and frequency or when used in unfamiliar environments — THC can trigger anxiety and panic. The likelihood of experiencing anxiety depends on several factors.
Dosage: More THC can amplify feelings of unease and fear and has been linked to a greater risk of schizophrenia-like psychosis.
Strain of cannabis: Different varieties of cannabis have different levels of THC and other cannabinoids, which can influence the effects.
Individual tolerance: Regular users may have a higher tolerance, making them potentially less likely to experience anxiety.
Biological factors: Personal genetic makeup and current mental health conditions can make some users more susceptible to THC-induced anxiety.
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How THC-induced anxiety differs from person to person
THC's effects on mental health can be complex, as different people can have very different reactions to the same cannabis strains. Understanding these personal differences is important, and as with any supplement, it’s recommended that anyone using THC — particularly for managing anxiety — starts with a low dose and gradually increases.
Genetic predispositions: Genetics can influence how you respond to THC. Some people have genetic variations in their cannabinoid receptors or in the enzymes that metabolize THC, which can make them more sensitive to its anxiety-inducing effects. These genetic traits can cause people to experience either more positive or more adverse reactions to cannabis.
Previous cannabis use: People who have used cannabis regularly can develop a tolerance for THC, which can reduce its anxiety-producing effects. On the other hand, new or infrequent users may be more susceptible to the negative side effects of THC, which include anxiety.
Current mental health state: For those already dealing with anxiety disorders, THC can worsen their symptoms. However, some people find that THC provides temporary relief from anxiety. Always approach cannabis use with awareness of your mental health and monitor any changes in symptoms closely.
Personalized approaches to THC use: Users should consider their genetic background, past cannabis experiences, and current mental health when choosing a product. This might mean selecting strains with lower THC and higher CBD content, or adjusting the method and timing they take it.
Understanding the right THC-CBD ratio: For some, finding the right balance between THC and CBD can influence the therapeutic benefits. CBD is believed to counteract some of the anxiety-inducing effects of THC, but there’s debate about how effective it is. Medical guidance and monitoring can help you find the right ratio for anxiety relief.
💙 Combat anxiety and panic as soon as it starts by practicing Panic SOS, a grounding meditation to relieve anxiety.
THC vs CBD: Understanding the differences
While both THC and CBD are cannabinoids derived from the cannabis plant, they have different chemical structures and different effects on the human body and mind. Strains of cannabis that are higher in CBD and lower in THC are often recommended for those seeking relief from anxiety, while varieties higher in THC might be chosen by those looking for more potent euphoric or psychoactive effects.
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. It mimics the action of anandamide — a naturally occurring cannabinoid in the brain — by binding directly to cannabinoid receptors. This binding activity is what causes the high associated with cannabis. However, this same action can also disrupt normal brain communications, potentially leading to altered perception, impaired memory, and increased anxiety.
CBD (Cannabidiol)
Unlike THC, CBD doesn’t bind directly to the cannabinoid receptors. CBD interacts with non-cannabinoid receptors and ion channels, and has been shown to enhance the availability of neurotransmitters like serotonin in the brain. This is why CBD is thought to bring a calming effect, potentially counteracting the anxiety-inducing effects of THC. CBD has also been shown to mitigate some of the psychoactive effects of THC when both are used together, by inhibiting the binding of THC.
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Does CBD help with anxiety?
CBD, or cannabidiol, has become the subject of scientific research and interest because of its potential to help address various health issues, including anxiety. Unlike THC, CBD doesn’t cause a high, so this may make it attractive for those seeking the therapeutic benefits of cannabis without the psychoactive effects.
Research suggests that CBD may help manage anxiety by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system, as well as other brain signaling systems. That’s because CBD may affect serotonin receptors in the brain to influence how they respond to the serotonin already in your system. This can enhance your mood and soothe anxiety.
Studies using brain imaging have shown that when participants take CBD, there are changes in blood flow to areas of the brain linked to anxiety. This suggests a direct effect on the brain's chemical pathways involved in anxiety. Clinical trials have also shown that CBD can reduce anxiety in people with social anxiety disorder. While research continues to evolve, current evidence supports the use of CBD as a beneficial tool in reducing anxiety and enhancing mental wellbeing.
Anecdotally, many people report personal success when using CBD to manage anxiety, describing a noticeable reduction in anxiety symptoms with daily use of CBD oil or capsules — including relief from panic attacks and chronic anxiety.
💙 To help alleviate the feelings of anxiety and promote a sense of calm, try a breathwork routine, like Breathe into Relaxation.
THC and anxiety FAQs
Is there a right balance of THC and CBD for anxiety?
The ideal balance between THC and CBD for anxiety management is highly individual. Many people find that a higher ratio of CBD to THC can provide the calming benefits of cannabis without the anxiety that THC alone might cause. For some, even small amounts of THC can enhance CBD's effectiveness while maintaining a comfortable mental state. Consult a healthcare professional as you start with a low THC concentration and gradually adjust the ratio based on personal comfort levels and the therapeutic effect you’re looking for.
What are the legal considerations when using THC or CBD for anxiety?
The legal status of using THC and CBD varies depending on where you live. THC is still considered a controlled substance under federal law in many places, but some states and countries have legalized it for medical and recreational use. CBD derived from hemp (containing less than 0.3% THC) is legal in many parts of the world, but laws can differ dramatically. Make sure you understand the specific laws in your area before using THC or CBD.
Are there any long-term effects of using CBD for anxiety?
Current research suggests that CBD is generally safe for long-term use, and many people use CBD over extended periods without adverse effects, but as with any supplement or medication, experiences can vary. The research is still evolving, and the long-term impacts of daily CBD use aren’t yet fully understood. Some studies suggest potential effects on liver enzymes and interactions with other medications, so it’s essential to speak with your healthcare provider about your usage.
How quickly can I expect to feel the effects of CBD on my anxiety?
The speed of CBD’s effects can vary based on the method of consumption. You might want to try different forms and timings to find what works best for you.
Inhaled forms of CBD, such as vaping or smoking, can provide relief within minutes. That’s because the cannabinoids are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the lungs.
Sublingual tinctures, which are placed under the tongue, can also work within 30 minutes.
Edibles and capsules may take longer, anywhere from one to several hours, as they need to be digested and metabolized before the CBD enters the bloodstream.
Can using THC or CBD for anxiety replace traditional medications?
While some people find THC and CBD are effective for managing anxiety, these supplements aren’t usually a replacement for traditional medications. Cannabis products can interact with other medications and may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with complex health conditions. If you’re considering using THC or CBD in place of traditional treatments, discuss it with your doctor to weigh the benefits and risks, and to ensure a safe transition from other therapeutic approaches. It’s also important to remember that while cannabis can provide relief, it’s unlikely to address all aspects of an anxiety disorder, and is best used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
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